Overview on prediction, detection, and classification of atrial fibrillation using wavelets and AI on ECG.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular cardiac arrhythmia, resulting in high mortality rates among affected patients. AF occurs as episodes coming from irregular excitations of the ventricles that affect the functionality of the heart and can increase the risk of stroke and heart attack. Early and automatic prediction, detection, and classification of AF are important steps for effective treatment. For this reason, it is the subject of intensive research in both medicine and engineering fields. The latter research focuses on three axes: prediction, classification, and detection. Knowing that AF is often asymptomatic and that its episodes are often very short, its automatic early detection is a very complicated but clinically important task to improve AF treatment and reduce the risks for the patients. This article is a review of publications from the past decade, focusing on AF episode prediction, detection, and classification using wavelets and artificial intelligence (AI). Forty-five articles were selected of which five are about AF in general, four articles compare accuracy, recall and precision between Fourier transform (FT) and wavelets transform (WT), and thirty-six are about detection, classification, and prediction of AF with WT: 15 are based on deep learning (DL) and 21 on conventional machine learning (ML). Of the thirty-six studies, thirty were published after 2015, confirming that this particular research area is very important and has great potential for future research.

Estudio transversal: Prevalencia de arritmias cardiacas supraventriculares y factores asociados en pacientes adultos atendidos en consulta cardiológica. Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, 2018 / Cross sectional Study: Prevalence of supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias and associated factors in adult patients seen at the outpatient cardiology service. Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, 2018.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las arritmias cardiacas son enfermedades cardiovasculares, causadas por alteraciones en la conducción o formación de estímulos eléctricos. La detección oportuna de estas alteraciones es crucial, pues a largo plazo mejora la calidad de vida de las personas que padecen estas patologías. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de arritmias cardiacas supraventriculares y sus factores asociados en paciente adultos atendidos en la consulta externa de la unidad de cardiología del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, 2018. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y de correlación con una muestra de 608 pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos en la Institución mencionada que se realizaron electrocardiograma durante el año 2018. Se estudiaron las variables: estado nutricional, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, tabaquismo, medicamentos utilizados; edad y sexo; presencia de arritmia supraventricular. Se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado para buscar asociación entre las variables cualitativas; considerando diferencias estadísticamente significativas una p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: De 608 pacientes, el 57.1% fueron mujeres; 61.84% fueron menores de 65 años. El 43.9% tuvo sobrepeso, el 27.6% presentó IMC normal. Las enfermedades crónicas como HTA y Diabetes tuvieron una frecuencia de 44.4% y 16% respectivamente. La prevalencia de las arritmias supraventriculares fue del 3.8%. La fibrilación auricular fue la arritmia supraventricular más frecuente con el 47.8%, seguida de la arritmia sinusal con el 26.08%. Hubo mayor prevalencia de arritmias supraventriculares en el sexo femenino que en el masculino (4.6% vs 2.7%), en los pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad que en los que tenían IMC normal ( 4.4% vs 2.3%), en los pacientes hipertensos en relación a los que no padecían de hipertensión (5.2% vs 2.7%), en los pacientes usuarios de medicamentos antitiroideos en relación a los que los consumían (50% vs 3.6%); sin embargo no se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa con ninguna de estas variables. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de las arritmias supraventriculares fue del 3.8%. La principal de arritmia cardiaca diagnosticada fue la fibrilación auricular seguida de la arritmia sinusal. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la frecuencia de las arritmias supraventriculares y las variables estudiadas.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrhythmias are cardiovascular diseases, caused by disturbances in the initiation or conduction of electrical stimuli. The timely detection of these alterations is crucial, since in the long term it improves the quality of life of people suffering from these pathologies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias and their associated factors in adult patients treated in the outpatient clinic of the cardiology unit of Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, 2018. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlation study was carried out with a sample of 608 patients older than 18 years, at the mentioned Institution, who underwent electrocardiography during 2018. We studied the variables: nutritional status, arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking, used drugs; age and sex; presence of supraventricular arrhythmia. We used Chi Square test to search for an association between the qualitative variables; considering statistical significance a p <0.05. RESULTS: of 608 patients, 57.1% were women; 61.84% were under 65 years of age. 43.9% were overweight, 27.6% had normal body mass index (BMI). Chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes had a frequency of 44.4% and 16% respectively. The prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias was 3.8%. Atrial fibrillation was the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia with 47.8%, followed by sinus arrhythmia with 26.08%. There was a higher prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias in females than males (4.6% vs 2.7%), in overweight or obese patients than in those with normal BMI (4.4% vs 2.3%), in hypertensive patients than in those who didn't suffer from hypertension ( 5.2% vs 2.7%), in patients who used antithyroid drugs than in those who didn't use them (50% vs 3.6%); however, no statistically significant association was found with any of these variables. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias was 3.8%. The most common cardiac arrhythmia was atrial fibrillation followed by sinus arrhythmia. No statistically significant association was found between the frequency of supraventricular arrhythmias and the variables studied.(au)

Risk of drug-induced cardiac arrhythmia during COVID-19 therapeutic treatment.

Therapeutic treatment of severe COVID-19 infection involves the administration of multiple pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of serious complications; this may result in drug interactions and possible adverse reactions and induced cardiotoxicity. The risk-benefit ratio associated with the use of medications to treat COVID-19 should be carefully monitored. In addition, the severe COVID-19 patient may experience cardiac damage, and alteration of normal cardiac electrophysiology function. Severe COVID-19 with cardiac involvement and the risk of drug-induced adverse reactions may cause cardiac arrhythmias, including long qt syndrome, which in some cases may lead to sudden death. In this short review we briefly review the pharmacological agents used to treat severe COVID-19 with increased risk of causing long qt forms.

Adding a "Notch" to Cardiovascular Disease Therapeutics: A MicroRNA-Based Approach.

Dysregulation of the Notch pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but, as of today, therapies based on the re-establishing the physiological levels of Notch in the heart and vessels are not available. A possible reason is the context-dependent role of Notch in the cardiovascular system, which would require a finely tuned, cell-specific approach. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short functional endogenous, non-coding RNA sequences able to regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels influencing most, if not all, biological processes. Dysregulation of miRNAs expression is implicated in the molecular mechanisms underlying many CVDs. Notch is regulated and regulates a large number of miRNAs expressed in the cardiovascular system and, thus, targeting these miRNAs could represent an avenue to be explored to target Notch for CVDs. In this Review, we provide an overview of both established and potential, based on evidence in other pathologies, crosstalks between miRNAs and Notch in cellular processes underlying atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, calcification of aortic valve, and arrhythmias. We also discuss the potential advantages, as well as the challenges, of using miRNAs for a Notch-based approach for the diagnosis and treatment of the most common CVDs.

The Efficacy of Anti-inflammatory Agents in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrences.

Several studies have indicated an association between inflammation and the recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation (AF), especially after ablation, which is a therapeutic option leading to local inflammation. On the other hand, each AF can lead to another AF, as a general rule. Thus, preventing recurrences of AF is extremely important for patient outcomes. In this paper, we attempted to review the effect of medicinal agents with anti-inflammatory properties on the prevention of AF recurrence. There are several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses on the prevention of AF recurrence using agents with anti-inflammatory properties, which include steroids, colchicine, statins, and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA). Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in preventing the recurrence of AF led to inconsistent results for corticosteroids, statins and n-3 FAs. These results may be related to the fact that inflammation is not the only factor responsible for triggering recurrences of AF. For example, the presence of structural, mechanical and electrical remodeling could potentially be the most important factors that trigger recurrences of AF but these factors have not been addressed in most of the reported studies. Therefore, future clinical trials are needed to compare the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in AF patients with, or without other factors. For colchicine, a potent anti-inflammatory drug, there are limited studies. However, all the studies investigating colchicine in the context of AF were consistent and promising, especially when colchicine was used on a short-term basis following ablation in patients with paroxysmal AF. Therefore, colchicine could be a promising candidate for further clinical studies involving recurrent AF.

[Refractory ventricular tachycardia: Is there a role for radiotherapy?] / Tachycardies ventriculaires réfractaires : quelle place pour la radiothérapie et comment ?

Myocardial scar-related ventricular tachycardia is a serious and potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. The prevention of sudden rhythmic death and ventricular tachycardia recurrence relies on implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), anti-arrhythmic drugs and more recently on radiofrequency catheter ablation. Nevertheless, these approaches have their own risk of adverse events and complications, with a recurrence rate up to 50 % at 2 years. Stereotactic body radiotherapy, delivered in a single dose of 25Gy, has emerged as a new therapeutic tool in the management of highly refractory ventricular tachycardia. In 2017, the very first prospective 5-patient cohort suffering from recurrent ventricular tachycardia on structural heart disease (40 % of ischemic cardiomyopathy) who benefited from cardiac stereotactic body radiotherapy was published. After stereotactic body radiotherapy, the authors observed a strong ventricular tachycardia burden reduction at 12 months, with no major side effects. Since then, around 100 cases have been described in the literature, particularly in the prospective ENCORE-VT study, with positive short- and medium-term outcomes in terms of safety and ventricular tachycardia burden reduction. Recently, another American prospective 5-patient series, published in March 2020, mitigated these results since all patients presented a ventricular tachycardia recurrence at 12 months despite an initial reduction in ventricular tachycardia burden. This article describes the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy in refractory VT, the rationale of the technique, its implementation, preliminary results and potential acute and long-term consequences.

Evaluation of electrocardiographic ventricular repolarization parameters in extreme obesity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The risk of sudden death and cardiac arrhythmia increases in morbidly obese patients. We aimed to evaluate the marker of arrhythmias such as Tp-e/QT, Tp-e/QTc, Tp-e/JT and Tp-e/JTc ratios in extreme obesity. METHODS: The study included 41 extremely obese patients and 41 control subjects. QTmax, QTmin, QRS, JT and Tp-e intervals were measured od 12­lead electrocardiographies. In addition, Tp-e/QT, Tp-e/QTc, Tp-e/JT and Tp-e/JTc rates and QTc, cQTd and JTc intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Tp-e interval (79.2 ±â€¯9.7 ms (milisecond) vs. 68.6 ±â€¯8.1, p < 0.001), QTc interval (395.9 ±â€¯18.8 vs. 377.9 ±â€¯19.3 ms, p < 0.001), JTc interval (317.1 ±â€¯27.0 vs. 297.4 ±â€¯23.2 ms, p = 0.001), Tp-e/QT ratio (0.22 ±â€¯0.03vs. 0.19 ±â€¯0.02, p < 0.001), Tp-e/QTc ratio (0.20 ±â€¯0.26vs. 0.18 ±â€¯0.02, p = 0.001), Tp-e/JT ratio (0.29 ±â€¯0.04 vs. 0.25 ±â€¯0.03, p < 0.001), TPe/JTc ratio (0.25 ±â€¯0.04 vs. 0.23 ±â€¯0.03, p = 0.018), QTd (32.8 ±â€¯10 vs.15 ±â€¯6.4 ms, p < 0.001) and cQTd (70.0 ±â€¯30.1 vs. 31.3 ±â€¯22.4 ms, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in obese patients. CONCLUSION: Compared to healthy subjects potential ECG repolarization predictors were significantly increased in extremely obese patients.

Acute cardiac events in severe community-acquired pneumonia: A multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: An increased risk of cardiovascular complications has been defined in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but limited data is available for patients with severe CAP. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to define the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors and impact on mortality of acute cardiac events in patients with severe CAP during short and long term. METHOD: This investigation was a multicenter, retrospective cohort sudy of patients with severe CAP. Cardiac events were defined as cardiac arrhytmia, congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for acute cardiac events and mortality. RESULTS: Of 373 patients (mean age 68 ± 16, 61.4% male), 56 (15%) developed a cardiac event (43 arrhythmia, 11 congestive heart failure and 2 myocardial infarction). Patients who developed an acute cardiac event were older, had more severe disease, pleural effusion, hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia and more acidosis. Also, beta-blocker and diuretic use were more significant in these patients. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients who developed cardiac events (29.6% vs 11%, P < .001). According to the logistic regression analysis, haloperidol, vasopressor or diuretic use, hypoalbuminemia and age were the predictors for acute cardiac events. Acute cardiac events were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.03-4.61, P = .04), but not associated with 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that acute cardiac events are seen in a substantial proportion of patients with severe CAP and their occurence significantly associated with in-hospital mortality.

Intelligent Medical Garments with Graphene-Functionalized Smart-Cloth ECG Sensors.

Biopotential signals are recorded mostly by using sticky, pre-gelled electrodes, which are not ideal for wearable, point-of-care monitoring where the usability of the personalized medical device depends critically on the level of comfort and wearability of the electrodes. We report a fully-wearable medical garment for mobile monitoring of cardiac biopotentials from the wrists or the neck with minimum restriction to regular clothing habits. The wearable prototype is based on elastic bands with graphene functionalized, textile electrodes and battery-powered, low-cost electronics for signal acquisition and wireless transmission. Comparison of the electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings obtained from the wearable prototype against conventional wet electrodes indicate excellent conformity and spectral coherence among the two signals.

P-wave dispersion in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Cardiac autonomic dysfunction assessed by the presence of arrhythmia, by the methods, such as heart rate variability or blood pressure variability, and by the electrocardiographic abnormalities is common in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The goal of present study was to analyze the P-wave dispersion (PWD), which is the non-invasive marker of atrial arrhythmia, in GBS patients and to compare those with healthy individuals. Thirty-five patients with GBS (mean age 53.6 ± 15.5 years) and 35 healthy controls (mean age 49.2 ± 14.1 years) were included to this study. Demographic and clinical information of the patients with GBS were assessed retrospectively. A 12-lead surface electrocardiogram was acquired from all participants. Minimum and maximum P-wave duration and PWD were measured in the patients with GBS and healthy controls. Maximum P-wave duration and PWD were significantly longer, and minimum P-wave duration was significantly lower in the patients with GBS rather than the control group (p = 0.037, p < 0.001, p = 0.007, respectively). GBS disability scores were positively correlated with the maximum P-wave duration (p = 0.015, r = 0.406) and PWD (p = 0.001, r = 0.525). We found that PWD was significantly prolonged in GBS patients compared with the controls. The increased PWD which is cheap, quick, non-invasive and feasible electrocardiographic marker may be related to increased risk for atrial fibrillation in patients with GBS.

A Mobitz type II atrioventricular block in multicentric ischemic stroke.

Cardiac and cerebrovascular illnesses are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Thromboembolisms, which are the result of cardiac arrhythmia, are important causes of ischemic stroke. In this study, we present a rare case of multicentric ischemic stroke induced by Mobitz type II atrioventricular block.

Reduced aerobic capacity causes leaky ryanodine receptors that trigger arrhythmia in a rat strain artificially selected and bred for low aerobic running capacity.

AIM: Rats selectively bred for inborn low capacity of running (LCR) display a series of poor health indices, whereas rats selected for high capacity of running (HCR) display a healthy profile. We hypothesized that selection of low aerobic capacity over generations leads to a phenotype with increased diastolic Ca(2+) leak that trigger arrhythmia. METHODS: We used rats selected for HCR (N = 10) or LCR (N = 10) to determine the effect of inborn aerobic capacity on Ca(2+) leak and susceptibility of ventricular arrhythmia. We studied isolated Fura-2/AM-loaded cardiomyocytes to detect Ca(2+) handling and function on an inverted epifluorescence microscope. To determine arrhythmogenicity, we did a final experiment with electrical burst pacing in Langendorff-perfused hearts. RESULTS: Ca(2+) handling was impaired by reduced Ca(2+) amplitude, prolonged time to 50% Ca(2+) decay and reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) content. Impaired Ca(2+) removal was influenced by reduced SR Ca(2+) ATP-ase 2a (SERCA2a) function and increased sodium/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) in LCR rats. Diastolic Ca(2) leak was 87% higher in LCR rats. The leak was reduced by CaMKII inhibition. Expression levels of phosphorylated threonine 286 CaMKII levels and increased RyR2 phosphorylation at the serine 2814 site mechanistically support our findings of increased leak in LCR. LCR rats had significantly higher incidence of ventricular fibrillation. CONCLUSION: Selection of inborn low aerobic capacity over generations leads to a phenotype with increased risk of ventricular fibrillation. Increased phosphorylation of CaMKII at serine 2814 at the cardiac ryanodine receptor appears as an important mechanism of impaired Ca(2+) handling and diastolic Ca(2+) leak that results in increased susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation.

The Effects of Metabolic Syndrome on TpTe Interval and TpTe/QT Ratio in Patients with Normal Coronary Arteries.

OBJECTIVE: T wave peak to T wave end (TpTe) interval and TpTe/QT have been accepted as predictors of ventricular arrythmia. In this study our aim is to investigate the effect of metabolic syndome on these parameters in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with metabolic syndrome (4 male, mean age 52±7.8 years) and twenty patients without metabolic syndrome as control group (8 male, mean age 54±9.3 years) were included. TpTe interval and TpTe/QT ratio were measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. These parameters were compared between the groups. RESULTS: When compared with to the control group the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, waist circumference, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose levels were higher and HDL cholesterol level was lower in the metabolic syndrome group. In the analysis of electrocardiography, QT dispersion (QTd) and corrected QTd were significantly increased in metabolic syndrome group as compared to the controls group (44±14 versus 30±12 ms and 433±10 versus 405±4 ms, all p value p=0.01). TpTe interval and TpTe/QT ratio were also significantly higher in patient with metabolic syndrome (112±10 versus 91±10 ms and 0.25±0.02 versus 0.22±0.01, all p value p=0.01). CONCLUSION: According to these results, we supposed that TpTe/QT ratio and TpTe interval is prolonged and those patients with metabolic syndrome may be at greater risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Evaluation of Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio in patients with non-dipper hypertension.

AIMS: Non-dipper hypertension is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several studies have suggested that the interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic T wave (Tp-e) may correspond to the transmural dispersion of repolarization and that increased Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio are associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to evaluate ventricular repolarization by using Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio in patients with non-dipper hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This study included 80 hypertensive patients. Hypertensive patients were divided into two groups: 50 dipper patients (29 male, mean age 51.5 ± 8 years) and 30 non-dipper patients (17 male, mean age 50.6 ± 5.4 years). Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio were measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. These parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between two groups in terms of basic characteristics. In electrocardiographic parameters analysis, QT dispersion (QTd) and corrected QTd were significantly increased in non-dipper patients compared to the dippers (39.4 ± 11.5 versus 27.3 ± 7.5 ms and 37.5 ± 9.5 versus 29.2 ± 6.5 ms, p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio were also significantly higher in non-dipper patients (97.5 ± 11.2 versus 84.2 ± 8.3 ms and 0.23 ± 0.02 versus 0.17 ± 0.02, all p value <0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that QTd, Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio are prolonged in patients with non-dipper hypertension.

The Relationship Between Serum Bilirubin Concentration and Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that higher serum bilirubin inhibits the inflammation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells; also there is a relationship between serum bilirubin and cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between bilirubin and atrial fibrillation (AF) is still unknown. In our study, we compared serum bilirubin, between nonvalvular AF patients and controls. MATERIALS AND METHOD: One hundred and two patients with nonvalvular chronic AF without any other cardiovascular disease (mean age 62.51 ± 5.88) were included in our study. One hundred age-matched healthy people with sinus rhythm were accepted as control groups (mean age 61.35 ± 5.44). Routine biochemical parameters and serum bilirubin levels were performed. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between two groups in terms of basic characteristics. Total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin levels were significantly lower among persons with AF compared to controls (0.82 ± 0.8 vs. 0.48 ± 0.5, 0.30 ± 0.2 vs. 0.19 ± 0.1 and 0.52 ± 0.5 vs. 0.29 ± 0.3 mg/dL; all P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: As a result, our study revealed a relationship between serum bilirubin and nonvalvular AF.

Dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Dronedarone is a recently developed new class III antiarrhythmic drug which possesses electrophysiological properties of all four Vaughan-Williams classes. An important difference with amiodarone is that it does not contain an iodine component and therefore lacks the iodine-related adverse effects. Based on currently available data, dronedarone can not be recommended as first-line therapy for either rhythm or rate control. We recommend to initiate rhythm or rate control with drugs as indicated in the 2006 guidelines of the ESC and other organisations. As amiodarone, dronedarone can be given to patients for whom standard drug therapy is not effective, or limited by (severe) side effects, although it is less effective than amiodarone. Nevertheless, it may be considered to give dronedarone initially to patients who would otherwise have received amiodarone, since the latter has more severe side effects than the former drug. The daily dosage of dronedarone is oral administration, 400 mg twice daily. Dronedarone is contraindicated in patients with impaired left ventricular function (NYHA class III/IV) and haemodynamic instability. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:370-3.).

Fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca: quem deve receber quimioprofilaxia? / Fibrilación atrial en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca: ¿quién debe recibir quimioprofilaxia? / Postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: who should receive chemoprophylaxis?

Avaliar fatores de risco arritmogênicos associados à maior incidência de fibrilação atrial (FA) no pós-operatório (PO) de cirurgia cardíaca (revascularização miocárdica e/ou cirurgia valvar), com o intuito de selecionar os mais propensos ao desenvolvimento dessa arritmia para possível quimioprofilaxia. Avaliarem-se 66 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva. Correlacionaram-se os principais fatores de risco (idade avançada, doença valvar (DV), aumento atrial esquerdo (AE), disfunção ventricular (DVE), distúrbio eletrolítico (DHE), cirurgia cardíaca prévia (CCP), uso prévio e suspensão de betabloqueador (B-Bloq) e/ou digital 24 horas antes da cirurgia) para o desenvolvimento de FA no PO. A incidência de FA foi elevada (47 por cento) em nossa casuística e mais freqüente no primeiro dia de PO. Dos pacientes pesquisados, 64 por cento eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 62 anos. Entre os pacientes com dois ou menos fatores de risco para FA, apenas 24 por cento desenvolveram a arritmia, enquanto a presença de três ou mais desses fatores esteve associada à sua maior incidência no PO (69 por cento), (p = 0,04). Em ordem de maior freqüência, idade > 65 anos (em 58 por cento dos pacientes) foi o fator de risco mais prevalente, seguido de aumento do AE em 45 por cento (p = 0,001) e DV em 38 por cento (p = 0,02). A presença de três ou mais fatores de risco aumenta consideravelmente a incidência dessa arritmia no PO de cirurgia cardíaca. Entre os principais fatores, destacaram-se idade avançada, aumento do AE e doença valvar.

To evaluate arrhythmogenic risk factors associated with greater incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery (CABG and/or valvular surgery) in order to identify those more prone to the development of this arrhythmia for possible chemoprophylaxis. Sixty-six patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery were assessed. The following risk factors for the development of POAF were correlated: advanced age, valvular heart disease (VHD), left atrial (LA) enlargement, left ventricular dysfunction (LVD), electrolyte imbalance (EI), previous CABG, prior use and withdrawal of beta-blockers (BB) and/or digitalis 24 hours before surgery). The incidence of AF was high (47 percent) in our study, most frequently on the first postoperative day. Sixty-four percent of the study sample was male, and the mean age was 62 years. Among patients with two or less risk factors for AF, only 24 percent developed arrhythmia, while the presence of three or more risk factors was associated with increased incidence of postoperative AF (69 percent), (p = 0.04). Age > 65 years (58 percent of the patients) was the most prevalent risk factor, followed by LA enlargement in 45 percent (p = 0.001), and VHD in 38 percent (p = 0.02). The presence of three or more risk factors increases significantly the incidence of this arrhythmia in the postoperative period after cardiac surgery. Among the primary risk factors are advanced age, left atrial enlargement, and valvular heart disease.

Evaluar factores de riesgo arritmogénicos asociados a la mayor incidencia de fibrilación atrial (FA) en el postoperatorio (PO) de cirugía cardiaca (revascularización miocárdica y/o cirugía valvular), con el intuito de seleccionar los más propensos al desarrollo de esa arritmia para posible quimioprofilaxia. Se evaluaron a 66 pacientes sometidos a la cirugía cardiaca electiva. Se correlacionaron los principales factores de riesgo (edad avanzada, enfermedad valvar (DV), aumento atrial izquierdo (AE), disfunción ventricular (DVE), disturbio electrolítico (DHE), cirugía cardiaca previa (CCP), uso previo y suspensión de betabloqueante (B-Bloq) y/o digital 24 horas antes de la cirugía) para el desarrollo de FA en el PO. La incidencia de FA se mostró elevada (47 por ciento) en nuestra casuística y más frecuente al primer día de PO. De todos los pacientes investigados, el 64 por ciento pertenecían al sexo masculino con edad promedio de 62 años. Entre los pacientes con dos o menos factores de riesgo para FA, sólo el 24 por ciento desarrollaron la arritmia, mientras que la presencia de tres o más de esos factores estuvo asociada a su mayor incidencia en el PO (69 por ciento), (p = 0,04). Por orden de mayor frecuencia, edad > 65 años (en el 58 por ciento de los pacientes) resultó el factor de riesgo más prevalente, seguido de aumento del AE en el 45 por ciento (p = 0,001) y DV en el 38 por ciento (p = 0,02). La presencia de tres o más factores de riesgo aumenta considerablemente la incidencia de esa arritmia en el PO de cirugía cardiaca. Entre los principales factores, se destacaron: edad avanzada, aumento de AE y enfermedad valvular.

Ablação da fibrilação atrial no Brasil: resultados do registro da Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas / Atrial fibrillation ablation in Brazil: results of the registry of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias

FUNDAMENTO: Buscando delinear o perfil da ablação curativa de fibrilação atrial (FA) no Brasil, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas (SOBRAC) idealizou o Registro Brasileiro de Ablação da FA. OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados desse registro. MÉTODOS: Foi enviado um formulário aos sócios da SOBRAC, inquirindo sobre os dados de pacientes submetidos a ablação de FA entre setembro de 2005 e novembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: No total, 29 grupos, de 13 Estados, responderam ao formulário. Desses, 22 (76 por cento) realizaram ablações de FA. Entre 1998 e 2001, 7 grupos (32 por cento) iniciaram ablações de FA e entre 2002 e 2006, 15 grupos (68 por cento). De 1998 a 2006, 2.374 pacientes foram submetidos a ablação, sendo 755 (32 por cento) no período do registro. A maioria (70 por cento) era do sexo masculino e 89 por cento apresentavam FA paroxística ou persistente. Métodos auxiliares de imagem (ecocardiografia intracardíaca e mapeamento eletroanatômico) foram utilizados por 9 grupos (41 por cento). Durante seguimento médio de cinco meses, o sucesso total foi de 82 por cento e o sucesso sem uso de antiarrítmicos foi de 57 por cento. Contudo, 35 por cento dos pacientes necessitaram de dois ou mais procedimentos. Houve 111 complicações (14,7 por cento) e 2 óbitos (0,26 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: A ablação curativa de FA vem crescendo significativamente em nosso País, com taxas de sucesso comparáveis às internacionais, mas comumente há necessidade de mais de um procedimento. Apesar dos resultados promissores, a ablação de FA ainda acarreta morbidade significativa. Métodos auxiliares de imagem têm sido cada vez mais utilizados, visando a aumentar a eficácia e a segurança do procedimento. Esses achados devem ser considerados pelos órgãos pagadores públicos e privados.

BACKGROUND: Aiming to define the profile of curative atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in Brazil, the Brazilian Cardiac Arrhythmia Society [Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Cardíacas] (SOBRAC) created the Brazilian Registry of AF Ablation [Registro Brasileiro de Ablação da FA]. OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of this registry. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to SOBRAC members asking about data on patients submitted to AF ablation between September 2005 and November, 2006. RESULTS: A total of 29 groups from 13 states completed the forms. Of these, 22 (76 percent) had performed AF ablations. Between 1998 and 2001, 7 groups (32 percent) initiated AF ablations and between 2002 and 2006, 15 groups began to perform them (68 percent). From 1998 to 2006, 2,374 patients were submitted to ablation, 755 (32 percent) of them during the registry period. Most (70 percent) were males and 89 percent presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Ancillary imaging methods (intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping) were used by 9 groups (41 percent). During an average five-month follow-up period, total success was 82 percent and success without use of antiarrhythmic agents was 57 percent. Nevertheless, 35 percent of the patients required two or more procedures. There were 111 complications (14.7 percent) and 2 deaths (0.26 percent). CONCLUSION: Curative AF ablation has been increasing significantly in our country, with success rates comparable to international indexes, but often more than one procedure is necessary. Despite promising results, AF ablation still results in significant morbidity. Supplementary imaging methods have been used more and more in an effort to increase efficacy and safety of the procedure. These findings should be considered by public and private funding agencies.

Arritmias cardiacas durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica / Cardiac arrhythmias during laparaoscopic cholecystectomy

Se estudiaron 150 pacientes seleccionados de forma aleatoria de un universo de 1 000, operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica, mediante técnica de anestesia general endotraqueal balanceada, ingresados en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey, en el período de un año, 1999, con el objetivo de conocer la respuesta que sobre el ritmo cardíaco ocurre durante la cirugía laparoscópica; la edad más afectada fue de 41 a 50 años, con 56 pacientes, y el sexo femenino con 120; dentro de los antecedentes patológicos personales la hipertensión arterial se presentó en 57 enfermos y de éstos 32 presentaron algún tipo de arritmias; por último, la arritmia que más se detectó fue la taquicardia sinusal en 22 pacientes para un 53, 65 % del total de la muestra.

One hundred and fifty patients selected at random were studied within a universe of 1000 patients oparated for laparoscopic cholescystectomy through balanced endotracheal general aneshtesia technique, admitted at the general surgery service of Manuel Ascunce Domenech provincial hospital at Camagüey within the period of one year, 1999, with the aim of knowing the answer that may occur in the cardiac rhythom during laparoscopic surgery; the most affected agge was that of 41 to 50 years with 56 patients and femenine sex with 120 patients; in the personal pathological antecedentes, arterial hypertension presented in 57cases and 32 out of them had any type of arrhythmia; finally, the most detected arrhythmia was sinusal tachicardia in 22 patients for 53, 65 % out of the total.